diff --git a/posix/Makefile b/posix/Makefile
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..353a26b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/posix/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+CFLAGS = -std=c99 $(WARNINGS) $(DEFINES) $(INCLUDES)
+DEFINES = -D_POSIX_SOURCE -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=600 -D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=200112L -U__STRICT_ANSI__
+INCLUDES = -I${LUA}/src
+WARNINGS = -W -Wall
+LUA = /home/mark/src/lang/lua/lua-5.1-rc2
+LUALIBS = -L$(LUA)/lib -llua51
+LIBS = spawn.a
+
+ex.dll: ex.o $(LIBS); $(CC) -shared -o $@ ex.o $(LUALIBS) $(LIBS)
+
+spawn.a: spawn.o; $(AR) r $@ $<
+	
diff --git a/posix/ex.c b/posix/ex.c
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..4a06bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/posix/ex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <lua.h>
+#include <lualib.h>
+#include <lauxlib.h>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include "spawn.h"
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+
+
+/* Generally useful function -- what luaL_checkudata() should do */
+static void *luaL_checkuserdata(lua_State *L, int idx, const char *tname)
+{
+    void *ud;
+    luaL_argcheck(L, ud = luaL_checkudata(L, idx, tname), idx, tname);
+    return ud;
+}
+
+
+/* -- nil error */
+static int posix_error(lua_State *L)
+{
+	lua_pushnil(L);
+	lua_pushstring(L, strerror(errno));
+	return 2;
+}
+
+
+/* name -- value/nil */
+static int ex_getenv(lua_State *L)
+{
+	const char *nam = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+	char *val = getenv(nam);
+	if (val)
+		lua_pushstring(L, val);
+	else
+		lua_pushnil(L);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* name value -- true/nil error */
+static int ex_setenv(lua_State *L)
+{
+	const char *nam = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+	const char *val = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+	if (-1 == setenv(nam, val, 1))
+		return posix_error(L);
+	lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* name -- true/nil error */
+static int ex_unsetenv(lua_State *L)
+{
+	const char *nam = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+	if (-1 == unsetenv(nam))
+		return posix_error(L);
+	lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* -- environment-table */
+static int ex_environ(lua_State *L)
+{
+	char **env;
+	const char *nam, *val, *end;
+	lua_newtable(L);
+	for (env = environ; (nam = *env); env++) {
+		end = strchr(val = strchr(nam, '=') + 1, '\0');
+		lua_pushlstring(L, nam, val - nam - 1);
+		lua_pushlstring(L, val, end - val);
+		lua_settable(L, -3);
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+/* seconds -- */
+static int ex_sleep(lua_State *L)
+{
+	lua_Number seconds = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
+	usleep(1e6 * seconds);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* pathname -- true/nil error */
+static int ex_chdir(lua_State *L)
+{
+	const char *pathname = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+	if (-1 == chdir(pathname))
+		return posix_error(L);
+	lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* pathname -- true/nil error */
+static int ex_mkdir(lua_State *L)
+{
+	const char *pathname = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+	if (-1 == mkdir(pathname, 0777))
+		return posix_error(L);
+	lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* -- pathname/nil error */
+static int ex_currentdir(lua_State *L)
+{
+	char pathname[PATH_MAX + 1];
+	if (!getcwd(pathname, sizeof pathname))
+		return posix_error(L);
+	lua_pushstring(L, pathname);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* pathname -- iter state nil */
+static int ex_dir(lua_State *L) { return luaL_error(L, "not yet implemented"); }
+
+/* pathname/file -- entry */
+static int ex_dirent(lua_State *L) { return luaL_error(L, "not yet implemented"); }
+
+
+static int file_lock(lua_State *L, FILE *f, const char *mode, long offset, long length)
+{
+	struct flock k;
+	switch (*mode) {
+		case 'w': k.l_type = F_WRLCK; break;
+		case 'r': k.l_type = F_RDLCK; break;
+		case 'u': k.l_type = F_UNLCK; break;
+		default: return luaL_error(L, "invalid mode");
+	}
+	k.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+	k.l_start = offset;
+	k.l_len = length;
+	if (-1 == fcntl(fileno(f), F_SETLK, &k))
+		return posix_error(L);
+	lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* file mode [offset [length]] -- true/nil error */
+static int ex_lock(lua_State *L)
+{
+	FILE **pf = luaL_checkuserdata(L, 1, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
+	const char *mode = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+	long offset = luaL_optnumber(L, 3, 0);
+	long length = luaL_optnumber(L, 4, 0);
+	return file_lock(L, *pf, mode, offset, length);
+}
+
+/* file [offset [length]] -- true/nil error */
+static int ex_unlock(lua_State *L)
+{
+	lua_pushliteral(L, "u");
+	lua_insert(L, 2);
+	return ex_lock(L);
+}
+
+
+/* -- LUA_FILEHANDLE file file */
+static int make_pipe(lua_State *L, FILE *i, FILE *o)
+{
+	FILE **pf;
+	luaL_getmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
+	*(pf = lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof *pf)) = i;
+	lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+	lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+	*(pf = lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof *pf)) = o;
+	lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+	lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+	return 2;
+}
+
+/* -- in out/nil error */
+static int ex_pipe(lua_State *L)
+{
+	int fd[2];
+	if (-1 == pipe(fd))
+		return posix_error(L);
+	return make_pipe(L, fdopen(fd[0], "r"), fdopen(fd[1], "w"));
+}
+
+
+/* ... argtab -- ... */
+static const char **build_args(lua_State *L)
+{
+	size_t i, n = lua_objlen(L, -1);
+	const char **argv = lua_newuserdata(L, (n + 2) * sizeof *argv);
+	                                   /* ... argtab argv */
+	for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
+		lua_rawgeti(L, -2, i);         /* ... argtab argv argi */
+		argv[i] = lua_tostring(L, -1);
+		lua_pop(L, 1);                 /* ... argtab argv */
+	}
+	argv[n + 1] = 0;
+	lua_replace(L, -2);                /* ... argv */
+	return argv;
+}
+
+/* ... envtab -- */
+static const char **build_env(lua_State *L)
+{
+	size_t i = 0;
+	luaL_Buffer estr;
+	luaL_buffinit(L, &estr);
+	lua_newtable(L);                   /* ... envtab a */
+	lua_pushnil(L);                    /* ... envtab a nil */
+	for (i = 0; lua_next(L, -3); i++) {/* ... envtab a k v */
+		luaL_prepbuffer(&estr);
+		lua_pushvalue(L, -2);          /* ... envtab a k v k */
+		luaL_addvalue(&estr);
+		luaL_putchar(&estr, '=');
+		lua_pop(L, 1);                 /* ... envtab a k v */
+		luaL_addvalue(&estr);
+		lua_pop(L, 1);                 /* ... envtab a k */
+		luaL_pushresult(&estr);        /* ... envtab a k estr */
+		lua_rawseti(L, -3, i);         /* ... envtab a[n]=estr k */
+	}                                  /* ... envtab a */
+	lua_replace(L, -2);                /* ... a */
+	return build_args(L);              /* ... */
+}
+
+static void get_redirect(lua_State *L, posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actions,
+	const char *stream, int descriptor)
+{
+	lua_getfield(L, 2, stream);
+	if (!lua_isnil(L, -1))
+		posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(file_actions, 
+			fileno(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, LUA_FILEHANDLE)), descriptor);
+	lua_pop(L, 1);
+}
+
+#define PROCESS_HANDLE "process"
+struct process {
+	pid_t pid;
+	int status;
+};
+
+/* filename [args-opts] -- true/nil,error */
+/* args-opts -- true/nil,error */
+static int ex_spawn(lua_State *L)
+{
+	const char *command;
+	posix_spawn_file_actions_t file_actions;
+	const char **argv;
+	const char **envp;
+	struct process *p;
+	int ret;
+
+	if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TTABLE) {
+		lua_getfield(L, 1, "command");             /* opts ... cmd */
+		if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+			/* convert {command=command,arg1,...} to command {arg1,...} */
+			lua_insert(L, 1);                      /* cmd opts ... */
+		}
+		else {
+			/* convert {arg0,arg1,...} to arg0 {arg1,...} */
+			int i, n = lua_objlen(L, 1);
+			lua_rawgeti(L, 1, 1);                  /* opts ... nil cmd */
+			if (lua_isnil(L, -1))
+				luaL_error(L, "no command specified");
+			/* XXX check LUA_TSTRING */
+			lua_insert(L, 1);                      /* cmd opts ... nil */
+			for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
+				lua_rawgeti(L, 2, i);              /* cmd opts ... nil argi */
+				lua_rawseti(L, 2, i - 1);          /* cmd opts ... nil */
+			}
+			lua_rawseti(L, 2, n);                  /* cmd opts ... */
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* XXX confusing */
+	command = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+
+	/* set defaults */
+	argv = 0;
+	envp = (const char **)environ;
+	posix_spawn_file_actions_init(&file_actions);
+
+	/* get arguments, environment, and redirections */
+	switch (lua_type(L, 2)) {
+	default: luaL_argerror(L, 2, "expected options table"); break;
+	case LUA_TNONE: break;
+	case LUA_TTABLE:
+		lua_getfield(L, 2, "args");                /* cmd opts ... argtab */
+		switch (lua_type(L, -1)) {
+		default: luaL_error(L, "args option must be an array"); break;
+		case LUA_TNIL:
+			lua_pop(L, 1);                         /* cmd opts ... */
+			lua_pushvalue(L, 2);                   /* cmd opts ... opts */
+			if (0) /*FALLTHRU*/
+		case LUA_TTABLE:
+			if (lua_objlen(L, 2) > 0)
+				luaL_error(L, "cannot specify both the args option and array values");
+			argv = build_args(L);                  /* cmd opts ... */
+			if (!argv[0]) argv[0] = command;
+		}
+		lua_getfield(L, 2, "env");
+		switch (lua_type(L, -1)) {
+		default: luaL_error(L, "env option must be a table"); break;
+		case LUA_TNIL: break;
+		case LUA_TTABLE:
+			envp = build_env(L);                   /* cmd opts ... */
+		}
+		get_redirect(L, &file_actions, "stdin", STDIN_FILENO);
+		get_redirect(L, &file_actions, "stdout", STDOUT_FILENO);
+		get_redirect(L, &file_actions, "stderr", STDERR_FILENO);
+	}
+	p = lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof *p);             /* cmd opts ... proc */
+	luaL_getmetatable(L, PROCESS_HANDLE);          /* cmd opts ... proc M */
+	lua_setmetatable(L, -2);                       /* cmd opts ... proc */
+	p->status = -1;
+	ret = posix_spawnp(&p->pid, command, &file_actions, 0, (char *const *)argv, (char *const *)envp);
+	posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(&file_actions);
+	if (-1 == ret)
+		return posix_error(L);
+	return 1; /* ... proc */
+}
+
+/* proc -- exitcode/nil error */
+static int process_wait(lua_State *L)
+{
+	struct process *p = luaL_checkudata(L, 1, PROCESS_HANDLE);
+	if (p->status != -1) {
+		int status;
+		waitpid(p->pid, &status, 0);
+		p->status = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+	}
+	lua_pushnumber(L, p->status);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_reg ex_iolib[] = {
+	{"pipe",  ex_pipe},
+	{0,0}
+};
+static const luaL_reg ex_iofile_methods[] = {
+	{"lock",    ex_lock},
+	{"unlock",  ex_unlock},
+	{0,0}
+};
+static const luaL_reg ex_oslib[] = {
+	{"getenv",     ex_getenv},
+	{"setenv",     ex_setenv},
+	{"unsetenv",   ex_unsetenv},
+	{"environ",    ex_environ},
+
+	{"sleep",      ex_sleep},
+
+	{"chdir",      ex_chdir},
+	{"mkdir",      ex_mkdir},
+	{"currentdir", ex_currentdir},
+
+	{"dir",        ex_dir},
+	{"dirent",     ex_dirent},
+
+	{"spawn",      ex_spawn},
+	{0,0}
+};
+static const luaL_reg ex_process_methods[] = {
+	{"wait", process_wait},
+	{0,0}
+};
+
+int luaopen_ex(lua_State *L)
+{
+	/* extend the io table */
+	lua_getglobal(L, "io");
+	if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) luaL_error(L, "io not loaded");
+	luaL_openlib(L, 0, ex_iolib, 0);
+
+	/* extend the os table */
+	lua_getglobal(L, "os");
+	if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) luaL_error(L, "os not loaded");
+	luaL_openlib(L, "os", ex_oslib, 0);
+
+	/* extend the io.file metatable */
+	luaL_getmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
+	if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) luaL_error(L, "can't find FILE* metatable");
+	luaL_openlib(L, 0, ex_iofile_methods, 0);
+
+	/* proc metatable */
+	luaL_newmetatable(L, PROCESS_HANDLE);       /* proc */
+	luaL_openlib(L, 0, ex_process_methods, 0);  /* proc */
+	lua_pushliteral(L, "__index");              /* proc __index */
+	lua_pushvalue(L, -2);                       /* proc __index proc */
+	lua_settable(L, -3);                        /* proc */
+
+	/* for lack of a better thing to return */
+	lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
diff --git a/posix/osex.c b/posix/osex.c
deleted file mode 100755
index e785400..0000000
--- a/posix/osex.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <spawn.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
-#include <lua.h>
-#include <lualib.h>
-#include <lauxlib.h>
-
-extern char **environ;
-
-/* helper functions */
-static void *safe_alloc(lua_State *L, size_t n)
-{
-	return lua_newuserdata(L, n);
-}
-
-static int posix_error(lua_State *L)
-{
-	lua_pushnil(L);
-	lua_pushstring(L, strerror(errno));
-	return 2;
-}
-
-
-/* seconds -- */
-static int osex_sleep(lua_State *L)
-{
-	lua_Number seconds = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
-	usleep(1e6 * seconds);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-
-#define PROCESS_HANDLE "process"
-
-struct process {
-	pid_t pid;
-	int status;
-};
-
-static void get_redirect(lua_State *L, posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actions,
-	const char *stream, int descriptor)
-{
-	lua_getfield(L, 2, stream);
-	if (!lua_isnil(L, -1))
-		posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(file_actions, 
-			fileno(luaL_checkudata(L, -1, LUA_FILEHANDLE)), descriptor);
-	lua_pop(L, 1);
-}
-
-/* filename [options] -- true/nil,error */
-static int osex_spawn(lua_State *L)
-{
-	const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
-	posix_spawn_file_actions_t file_actions;
-	char **argv;
-	char **envp;
-	struct process *p;
-	if (lua_type(L, 2) == LUA_TTABLE) {
-		lua_getfield(L, 2, "args");
-		if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
-			luaL_checktype(L, -1, LUA_TTABLE);
-			/* XXX */
-		}
-		else {
-			argv = safe_alloc(L, 1 * sizeof *argv);
-			argv[0] = 0;
-		}
-		lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-		lua_getfield(L, 2, "env");
-		if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
-			size_t i, n;
-			luaL_checktype(L, -1, LUA_TTABLE);
-			n = lua_objlen(L, -1);
-			envp = safe_alloc(L, (n + 1) * sizeof *envp);
-			for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
-				lua_rawgeti(L, -1, i);
-				luaL_checktype(L, -1, LUA_TSTRING);
-				/* XXX push onto zz */
-			}
-		}
-		else {
-			envp = environ;
-		}
-		lua_pop(L, 1);
-
-		get_redirect(L, &file_actions, "stdin", STDIN_FILENO);
-		get_redirect(L, &file_actions, "stdout", STDOUT_FILENO);
-		get_redirect(L, &file_actions, "stderr", STDERR_FILENO);
-	}
-	p = lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof *p);
-	luaL_getmetatable(L, PROCESS_HANDLE);
-	lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
-	p->status = -1;
-	if (0 != posix_spawnp(&p->pid, filename, &file_actions, 0, argv, envp))
-		return posix_error(L);
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static int process_wait(lua_State *L)
-{
-	struct process *p = luaL_checkudata(L, 1, PROCESS_HANDLE);
-	if (p->status != -1) {
-		int status;
-		waitpid(p->pid, &status, 0);
-		p->status = WEXITSTATUS(status);
-	}
-	lua_pushnumber(L, p->status);
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static const luaL_reg process_lib[] = {
-	{"wait", process_wait},
-	{0,0}
-};
-
-
-static int osex_newpipe(lua_State *L)
-{
-	int fd[2];
-	FILE **pf;
-	if (0 != pipe(fd))
-		return posix_error(L);
-	luaL_getmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
-	pf = lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof *pf);
-	lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-	lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
-	*pf = fdopen(fd[0], "r");
-	pf = lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof *pf);
-	lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
-	lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
-	*pf = fdopen(fd[1], "w");
-	return 2;
-}
-
-
-static const luaL_reg osex_lib[] = {
-	{"sleep", osex_sleep},
-	{"spawn", osex_spawn},
-	{"newpipe", osex_newpipe},
-	{0,0}
-};
-
-int luaopen_osex(lua_State *L)
-{
-	luaL_newmetatable(L, PROCESS_HANDLE);
-	luaL_register(L, 0, process_lib);
-	luaL_register(L, "os", osex_lib);
-	return 1;
-}
diff --git a/posix/spawn.c b/posix/spawn.c
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..caaa5ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/posix/spawn.c
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "spawn.h"
+
+#define nelemof(A) (sizeof A / sizeof *A)
+
+struct posix_spawn_file_actions {
+	int dups[3];
+};
+
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_init(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *act)
+{
+	act->dups[0] = act->dups[1] = act->dups[2] = -1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *act, int d, int n)
+{
+	if (d < 0 || OPEN_MAX < d || n < 0 || OPEN_MAX < n) {
+		errno = EBADF;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (2 < d) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	act->dups[d] = n;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *act)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int posix_spawnp(pid_t *restrict ppid,
+		         const char *restrict path,
+				 const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *act,
+				 const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp,
+				 char *const argv[restrict],
+				 char *const envp[restrict])
+{
+	if (!ppid || !path || !argv || !envp)
+		return EINVAL;
+	if (attrp)
+		return EINVAL;
+	/* check act actions? */
+	switch (*ppid = fork()) {
+	case -1: return -1;
+	default: return 0;
+	case 0:
+		if (act)
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < nelemof(act->dups); i++)
+				if (act->dups[i] > -1)
+					dup2(i, act->dups[i]);
+		environ = (char **)envp;
+		execvp(path, argv);
+		_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		/*NOTREACHED*/
+	}
+}
diff --git a/posix/spawn.h b/posix/spawn.h
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..6595e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/posix/spawn.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+typedef struct posix_spawnattr posix_spawnattr_t;
+
+enum {
+	POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS,
+	POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP,
+	POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM,
+	POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER,
+	POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF,
+	POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK,
+};
+
+int posix_spawnattr_init(posix_spawnattr_t *attrp);
+int posix_spawnattr_getflags(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, short *restrict flags);
+int posix_spawnattr_setflags(posix_spawnattr_t *attrp, short flags);
+int posix_spawnattr_getpgroup(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, pid_t *restrict pgroup);
+int posix_spawnattr_setpgroup(posix_spawnattr_t *attrp, pid_t pgroup);
+int posix_spawnattr_getschedparam(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, struct sched_param *restrict schedparam);
+int posix_spawnattr_setschedparam(posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, const struct sched_param *restrict schedparam);
+int posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, int *restrict schedpolicy);
+int posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy(posix_spawnattr_t *attrp, int schedpolicy);
+int posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, sigset_t *restrict sigdefault);
+int posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault(posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, const sigset_t *restrict sigdefault);
+int posix_spawnattr_getsigmask(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, sigset_t *restrict sigmask);
+int posix_spawnattr_setsigmask(posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp, const sigset_t *restrict sigmask);
+int posix_spawnattr_destroy(posix_spawnattr_t *attrp);
+
+typedef struct posix_spawn_file_actions posix_spawn_file_actions_t;
+
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_init(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actions);
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actions, int filedes, int newfiledes);
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actions, int filedes);
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *restrict file_actions, int filedes, const char *restrict path, int oflag, mode_t mode);
+int posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actions);
+
+int posix_spawn(pid_t *restrict, const char *restrict, const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *, const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict, char *const argv[restrict], char *const envp[restrict]);
+int posix_spawnp(pid_t *restrict, const char *restrict, const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *, const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict, char *const argv[restrict], char *const envp[restrict]);